Navinder J Singh

​I am an ecologist with broad interest in biodiversity and the interactions of animals with their environment, including humans. I enjoy linking ecological and evolutionary theory with data, developing new analytical and data collection methods, and improving visualization of ecological data. I currently work with species such as large ungulates, saiga, eagles, swifts, elephants, zebras, bears and seals.

I also work on conservation issues worldwide, assisting with science and ground based conservation. Some of the agencies i regularly work with are UNEP-CMS, IUCN Species Specialist Groups, Saiga Conservation Alliance (SCA), UNDP, Snow Leopard Trust and many more. ​I am also the Coordinator of SILVA - The Faculty of Forest Science's Doctoral Research School.

Master programme in Fish and Wildlife Management

Animal Migration Course - Lund University

Research

https://www.goldeneaglesweden.com/ 

Postdoc

Tim Horstkotte (2018-2020)

PhD

Christian Fohringer (2017-2020) Global change and animal movements. SLU

Sabine Pfeffer (2016-2020) Ecosystem impacts of ungulate communities. SLU

Andrew M Allen (2012-2016) Linking movement ecology with the management of mobile species. Swedish University of agricultural sciences.

Alina Evans (2011-2015) Ecophysiology of brown bear. Hedmark University College, Norway. Cosupervised with Prof. Jon Arnemo.

Joseph Bull (2010-2014) Biodiversity offsets for moving conservation targets. Imperial College London. Cosupervised with Prof. E.J. Milner-Gulland.

Master Theses

Larsson, Richard, 2020. Eyes in the nest : breeding phenology of Golden Eagles characterized using remote cameras. Second cycle, A2E. Umeå: SLU, Dept. of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies

Michelle Etienne (2019) Not everything that glitters is gold : does linear infrastructure create an ecological trap for golden eagles?. Second cycle, A2E. Umeå: SLU, Dept. of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies.

Zetterkvist, Linda, 2020. Movement ecology of ungulate communities : effect of species densities and habitat selection. Second cycle, A2E. Umeå: SLU, Dept. of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies

Tomas Melin (2019) Dietary preferences of Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Sweden : a camera trap approach. Second cycle, A2E. Umeå: SLU, Dept. of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies.

Jacob Nielsen (2017) Why did the moose cross the road? Quantifying diurnal habitat selection and movement by moose and its potential application for moose-vehicle collision mitigation. SLU.

Laia Crespo Mingueza (2017) Presence and habitat use of the endangered  Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus)  in the INIKEA restoration project site (Sabah, Malaysia) – A pilot study. SLU.

Ornella Jogi (2017) Analysing the seal-fishery conflict in the Baltic Sea and exploring new ways of looking at marine mammal movement data. Lund University.

Regina Gentsch (2017) Socio-ecological predictors of moose body condition. SLU.

​Amanda Trulsson (2017) The effects of clear-cutting on the breeding performance of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Västerbotten in Sweden. SLU.

Eirini - Lamprini Daouti, (2017) Breeding dynamics of Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) population in the boreal forest of Sweden. SLU.

Linnéa Näsén (2015) Synchronizing migration with birth: An exploration of migratory tactics in female moose. (SLU).

Rebecka Hedfors (2014) Movement ecology of Golden eagles (Aquila crysaetos) and risks associated with wind farm development. SLU.

Augusta Dorey (2014) Habitat-performance relationships on an island: fitness landscape of moose in Öland, Sweden. Imperial College London. U.K.

Mattias Nilsson (2014) Movement ecology of the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and the semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) - Synchronous movements in a boreal ecosystem. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå.

Vera Steinberg (2013) Predicting spatio-temporal patterns of human-wildlife conflicts in a Trans-Himalayan landscape for dynamic conservation. University of Freiburg, Germany.

Benno Dillinger (2013) Impact of natural and man-made fires on female moose movement and resource selection. BOKU, Austria.

Peter Lojander (2013) Site fidelity of a migratory species towards its annual range. Master Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå.

Jens Lindberg (2013) Selection of habitat and resources during migration by a large mammal. Master Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå.

Alexandra Haydn (2012) Calving site selection by moose (Alces alces) along a latitudinal gradient in Sweden. BOKU, Vienna.

Matthew Brown (2010) A trophy hunting model for saiga antelope. Imperial College London. U.K.

Aigual Temirzhanova (2010) Timing of green up and saiga antelope migrations in Kazakhstan. University of Aberdeen. U.K.

[70] Widén, A., Clinchy, M., Felton, A.M., Hofmeester, T.R., Kuijper, D.P., Singh, N.J., Widemo, F., Zanette, L.Y. and Cromsigt, J.P., 2022. Playbacks of predator vocalizations reduce crop damage by ungulates. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 328, p.107853.

[69] Edvin Karlsson, Alexis R Sullivan, Daniel Svensson, Daniel Bellieny-Rabelo, Abu Bakar Siddique, José Antonio Villegas, Anna-Mia Johansson, Håkan Grahn, David Sundell, Björn Brindefalk, Anita Norman, Andreas Sjödin, Navinder J Singh, Tomas Brodin, Mats Forsman, Per Stenberg. 2021. Airborne eDNA captures the diversity and dynamics of a subarctic ecosystem across three decades. urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189099.

[68] Fohringer, C., Rosqvist, G., Niila, I. and Singh, N.J., 2021. Reindeer husbandry in peril?—How extractive industries exert multiple pressures on an Arctic pastoral ecosystem. People and Nature. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10234.

[67] Spitzer, R., Coissac, E., Felton, A., Fohringer, C., Juvany, L., Landman, M., Singh, N.J., Taberlet, P., Widemo, F. and Cromsigt, J.P., 2021. Small shrubs with large importance? Smaller deer may increase the moose-forestry conflict through feeding competition over Vaccinium shrubs in the field layer. Forest Ecology and Management, 480, p.118768.

[66] Pfeffer, S.E., Singh, N.J., Cromsigt, J.P. and Widemo, F., 2021. Summer and winter browsing affect conifer growth differently: An experimental study in a multi-species ungulate community. Forest Ecology and Management, 494, p.119314.

[65] Holmes, S.M., Cromsigt, J.P., Danell, K., Ericsson, G., Singh, N.J. and Widemo, F., 2021. Declining recruitment and mass of Swedish moose calves linked to hot, dry springs and snowy winters. Global Ecology and Conservation, 27, p.e01594.

[64] Singh, N.J., Ecke, F., Katzner, T., Bagchi, S., Sandström, P. and Hörnfeldt, B., 2021. Consequences of migratory coupling of predators and prey when mediated by human actions. Diversity and Distributions, 27(9), pp.1848-1860.

[63] van Moorter, B., Singh, N.J., Rolandsen, C.M., Solberg, E.J., Dettki, H., Pusenius, J., Månsson, J., Sand, H., Milner, J.M., Roer, O. and Tallian, A., 2021. Seasonal release from competition explains partial migration in European moose. Oikos, 130(9), pp.1548-1561.

[62] Fohringer, C., Dudka, I., Spitzer, R., Stenbacka, F., Rzhepishevska, O., Cromsigt, J.P.G., Gröbner, G., Ericsson, Singh, N.J. Integrating omics to characterize eco-physiologocal adaptations: how moose diet and metabolism differ across biogeographic zones. Ecology and Evolution. In press.

[61] Ford, A., Ali, A., Colla, S., Cooke, S., Lamb, C., Pittman, J., Shiffman, D., Singh, N.J. Understanding and avoiding misplaced efforts in conservation. FACETS. In press. (pdf) 

[60] Spitzer, R., Coissac, E., Felton, A., Fohringer, C., Juvany, L., Landman, M., Singh, N.J., Taberlet, P., Widemo, F., & Cromsigt, J P G M. 2020. Small shrubs with large importance? Smaller deer may increase the moose-forestry conflict through feeding competition over Vaccinium shrubs in the field layer. Forest Ecology and Management: 118768.

​[59] Wiebke, N., Widemo, F., Singh, N.J., Seiler, A. and Cromsigt, J.P., 2020. Strength of correlation between wildlife collision data and hunting bags varies among ungulate species and with management scale. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 66(6), pp.1-13.

[58] Pfeffer, S.E., Singh, N.J., Cromsigt, J.P., Kalén, C. and Widemo, F., 2020. Predictors of browsing damage on commercial forests–A study linking nationwide management data. Forest Ecology and Management, 479, p.118597.

​[57] Åkesson, S., Atkinson, P.W., Bermejo, A., de la Puente, J., Ferri, M., Hewson, C.M., Holmgren, J., Kaiser, E., Kearsley, L., Klaassen, R.H., Kolunen, H., Matsson, G., Minelli, F., Norevik, G., Pietiäinen, H., Singh, N.J., Spina, F., Viktoa, L., and Hedenström., A. 2020. Evolution of chain migration in an aerial insectivorous bird, the common swift Apus apus. Evolution.  https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14093

[56] Spitzer, R., Felton, A., Landman, M., Singh, N.J., Widemo, F. and Cromsigt, J.P., 2020. Fifty years of European ungulate dietary studies: a synthesis. Oikos.  https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.07435

[55] Neumann, W., Singh, N.J., Stenbacka, F., Malmsten, J., Wallin, K., Ball, J.P. and Ericsson, G., 2020. Divergence in parturition timing and vegetation onset in a large herbivore—differences along a latitudinal gradient. Biology Letters, 16(6), p.20200044.

[54] Schneiderová, I., Singh, N.J., Baklová, A., Smetanová, M., Gomis, N.B. and Lhota, S., 2020. Northern lesser galagos (Galago senegalensis) increase the production of loud calls before and at dawn. Primates, pp.1-8.

[53] Græsli, A.R., Thiel, A., Fuchs, B., Singh, N.J., Stenbacka, F., Ericsson, G., Neumann, W., Arnemo, J.M. and Evans, A.L., 2020. Seasonal Hypometabolism in Female Moose. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, p.107.

[52] Evans, A.L., Fuchs, B., Græsli, A.R., Neumann, W., Stenbacka, F., Singh, N.J., Ericsson, G., Malmsten, J. and Arnemo, J.M., 2019. Rate of Cooling in a Moose (Alces alces) Carcass. Journal of wildlife diseases, 55(3), pp.710-712.

[51] Karlsson, E., Johansson, A.M., Ahlinder, J.,  Lundkvist, M.J., Singh, N.J., Brodin, T., Forsman, M., Stenberg, P. Airborne microbial biodiversity and seasonality in Northern and Southern Sweden. PeerJ. (Accepted).

[50] Hofmeester, T.R., Young, S., Juthberg, S., Singh, N.J., Widemo, F., Andrén, H., Linnell, J.D.C. and Cromsigt, J.P.G.M. (2019), Using by‐catch data from wildlife surveys to quantify climatic parameters and the timing of phenology for plants and animals using camera traps. ​Remote Sens Ecol Conserv. doi:10.1002/rse2.136

[49] Robinson, S., Milner‐Gulland, E.J., Grachev, Y., Salemgareyev, A., Orynbayev, M., Lushchekina, A., Morgan, E., Beauvais, W., Singh, N., Khomenko, S. and Cammack, R., 2019. Opportunistic bacteria and mass mortality in ungulates: lessons from an extreme event. Ecosphere, 10(6), p.e02671.

[48] Spitzer, R., Churski, M., Felton, A., Heurich, M., Kuijper, D.P., Landman, M., Rodriguez, E., Singh, N.J., Taberlet, P., van Beeck Calkoen, S.T. and Widemo, F., 2019. Doubting dung: eDNA reveals high rates of misidentification in diverse European ungulate communities. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 65(2), p.28.

[47] Giroud, S., Chery, I., Bertile, F., Bertrand-Michel, J., Tascher, G., Gauquelin-Koch, G., Arnemo, J.M., Swenson, J.E., Singh, N.J., Lefai, E. and Evans, A., 2019. Lipidomics reveal seasonal shifts in large-bodied hibernator, the brown bear. Frontiers in physiology, 10, p.389.

[46] van Beeck Calkonen, S., Kuijper, D. P. J. , Sand, H, Singh, N. J. , van Wieren, S. E., Cromsigt, J. P.G.M . (2018) Does wolf predation risk reduce moose browsing intensity in young forest plantations? Ecography.(Accepted).

[45] Tucker et al. (2018) Moving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements. Science. Vol. 359, Issue 6374, pp. 466-469 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9712  

[43] R. Kock, M. Orynbayev, S. Robinson, S. Zuther, N.J. Singh, W. Beauvais, E.R. Morgan, A. Kerimbayev, S. Khomenko, H. Martineau, R. Rystaeva, Z. Omarova, S. Wolfs, F. Hawotte, J. Radoux, E.J. Milner-Gulland. (2018) Saigas on the brink: multi-disciplinary analysis of the factors influencing mass mortality events. Science Advances  Vol. 4, no. 1, eaao2314 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao2314..

[42] Ahmad, R., Sharma, N., Mishra, C., Singh, N.J., Rawat, G., Bhatnagar, Y.V. Security, Size or Sociality: What Makes Markhor Capra falconeri Segregate? Journal of Mammalogy. 10.1093/jmammal/gyx155.

[41] Pfeffer, S, Spitzer, R., Allen, A., Hofmeester, T., Widemo, F., Singh, N.J., Cromsigt, J. Pictures or Pellets? Comparing camera trapping and dung counts as methods for estimating population densities of ungulates. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation .10.1002/rse2.67.
​
[40] Ecke, F*., Singh, N.J.*, Arnemo, J., Berglund, A., Bignert, A., Borg, H., Brojer, C., Helander, B., Holm, K., Lanzone, M., Miller, T., Nordström, Å., Raikkonen, J., Rodushkin, I., Agren, E., Hörnfeldt, B. (2017) Sub-lethal lead exposure alters movement behaviour in free ranging Golden Eagles. Environmental Science & Technology. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06024. ​*(Joint First authors).
​In News at every Swedish news channel, TV and Radio.

[39] Bagchi, S., Singh, N.J., Bestelmeyer, B.T., McClaran, M.P., Briske, D. D. Quantifying long-term plant community dynamics using animal movement models: implications for ecological resilience. Ecological Applications Vol:
27, 1514–1528. DOI: 10.1002/eap.1544.
​
[38] Singh, N.J., Hipkiss, T., Ecke, F, Hörnfeldt, B. (2017) Betydelsen av kungsörnars hemområden, biotopval och rörelser för vindkraftsetablering Del 2 / Movement patterns of golden eagles and importance for wind power development in Sweden Part 2. (Technical Report). Report number 6734. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency- Naturvårdsverket. 

[37] Bårdsen, B-J., Næss, M. W., Singh, N.J., Åhman, B. (2017) The pursuit of population collapses - long term dynamics of semi domestic reindeer in Sweden. Human Ecology. doi:10.1007/s10745-016-9880-3.

​[36] Cui, S., Milner-Gulland,E.J., Singh,N.J., Chu,H., Li,C., Chen,J., Jiang, Z. Historical range, extirpation and prospects for reintroduction of saigas in China. Scientific Reports. 7:44200 | DOI: 10.1038/srep44200.

[35] Evans, A., Singh, N.J., Fuchs, B., Blanc, S., Friebe, A., Laske, T., Frobert, O., Swenson, J., Arnemo, J. (2016) Physiological reactions to capture in hibernating brown bears. Conservation Physiology 4 (1):cow061doi: 10.1093/conphys/cow061.

[34] Allen, A., Dorey, A., Malmsten, A., Edenius, L., Ericsson, G., Singh, N.J. Habitat-performance relationships of a large mammal on a predator-free island dominated by humans. Ecology and Evolution. (pdf) ​DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2594.

[33] Allen, A., Månson, J., Sand, H., Malmsten, J., Ericsson, G., Singh, N.J. (2016) Scaling up movements: from individual space use to population patterns? Ecosphere 7(10):e01524. 10.1002/ecs2.1524.

[32] Ahmad, R., Mishra, C., Singh, N.J., Kaul, R., Bhatnagar Y.V. (2016) Forage and security trade-offs by markhor Capra falconeri mothers. Current Science. 110 (8): 1559-1563. ​

[31] Singh N.J., Moss, E., Hipkiss, T., Ecke, F., Dettki, H., Sandström, P., Bloom, P., Thomas, S., Hörnfeldt, B. (2016) Habitat selection by Golden eagles during breeding season and implications for wind farm establishment. Bird Study. doi:10.1080/00063657.2016.1183110

​[30] Singh, N.J.*, Allen, A.M.*, Ericsson, G. (2016) Quantifying migration using Net Squared Displacement approach: clarifications and caveats. PLoS ONE. 11(3): e0149594. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149594 *(Joint First authors)​. ​

[29] *Evans, A. L.,* Singh, N.J., Friebe, A., Arnemo, J. M., Laske, T. G., Fröbert, O., Swenson, J.E. and Blanc, S. (2016) Drivers of hibernation in the brown bear. Frontiers in Zoology. 13:7. *(Joint First authors).

[28] Bagchi, S., Gupta, E., Murthy, K., Singh, N.J. (2016) A decadal picture of the vegetation phenology of high altitude wetlands of Ladakh, India. In Bird Migration Across the Himalayas: wetland functioning amidst mountains and glaciers. (in press).

[27] Allen AM and Singh NJ (2016). Linking Movement Ecology with Wildlife Management and Conservation. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3:155. doi:10.3389/fevo.2015.00155

2015

[26] Ericsson, G., Dettki, H., Neumann, W., Arnemo, J., Singh, N.J. (2015) Offset between GPS collar recorded temperature and ambient weather station data. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 10.1007/s10344-015-0968-7.

[25] Bull, J.W., Singh, N.J., Suttle, K.B., Bykova, E.L., Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2015) Creating a frame of reference for conservation interventions. Land Use Policy. 49: 273-286.

[24] Jachowski, D., Singh N.J. (2015) Towards a mechanistic understanding of animal migration: Incorporating physiological measurements in the study of moving animals. Conservation Physiology. 3:1. 10.1093/conphys/cov035.

[23] Milner-Gulland, E.J., Singh, N.J. (2015) Two decades of saiga antelope research: what have we learnt? Antelope Conservation in the 21st Century: From Diagnosis to action. Edited by Jakob Bro-Jorgensen. Wiley-Blackwell.

2014

[22] Singh, N.J., Danell, K., Edenius, L., Ericsson, G. (2014) Tackling the motivation to monitor: success and sustainability of a participatory monitoring programme. Ecology and Society. 19 (4): 7.

[21] Bull, J.W., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Suttle, K.B., Singh, N.J. (2014) Comparing biodiversity offset calculation methods with a common case study from Uzbekistan. Biological Conservation. 178, 2-10.

[20] Singh, N.J., Ericsson, G. (2014) Changing motivations during migration: linking movement speeds to reproductive status in a migratory large mammal. Biology Letters. 10 (06), 20140379.

[19] Singh, N.J., Leonardsson, K. (2014) Partial migration and transient coexistence of migrants and residents in animal populations. PLOS ONE. 10.1371/journal.pone.0094750.

[18] Bragin, N., Singh, N.J., Reading, R.P. (2014) Creating a Ruggedness Layer for use in Habitat Suitability Modeling for Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, Mongolia. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences. 11(1-2): 19-23.

2013

[17] Singh, N.J., Bhatnagar, Y.V., Lecomte, N., Fox, J.L., Yoccoz, N.G. (2013) No longer tracking greenery in high altitudes: Pastoral practices of Rupshu nomads and their implications for biodiversity conservation. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice: 3:16. (Open access).

[16] Bull, J.W., Suttle, K.B., Gordon, A., Singh, N.J., Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2013) Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice. Oryx, 47, pp 369-380. (Review paper). The most downloaded paper of the journal.

[15] Singh, N.J.*, Bagchi, S.* (2013) Applied ecology in India: scope of science and policy to meet contemporary environmental and socio-ecological challenges. Journal of Applied Ecology. 50, 4-14. Review Paper. (*equal contributions). Open Access. 50th anniversary Issue of Journal of Applied Ecology.

[14] Bull, J.W., Suttle, K.B., Singh, N.J., Milner-Gulland, E.J (2013) Conservation when nothing stands still: moving targets and biodiversity offsets. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment. 11, 203–210. Feature Article.

2012

[13] Singh, N.J., Börger, L., Dettki, H., Bunnefeld, N., Ericsson, G. (2012) From migration to nomadism: movement variability in a northern ungulate across its latitudinal range. Ecological Applications: 22(7), pp. 2007–2020.

[12] Robinson, S., Michel, S., Wiedemann, C., Zhumabayev,Y., Singh, N.J. (2012) Pastoral Tenure in Central Asia: theme and variation in the five former Soviet republics, In Rangeland Stewardship in Central Asia: balancing Improved Livelihoods, Biodiversity Conservation and Land Protection. (Ed) Victor Squires. Springer. pg- 452.

2011

[11] Singh, N.J., Amgalanbaatar, S., Reading, R.P. (2011) Grouping Patterns of Argali in Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, Mongolia. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences: 8, 7-13.

[10] Singh, N.J., Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2011) Conserving a moving target: planning protection for a migratory species as its distribution changes. Journal of Applied Ecology: 48, 35-46. Science/AAAS - Editors Choice: 11 February 2011: 650-651. (pdf) Also included in the Virtual Issue: Climate change – from problem detection to solution design and implementation. Among the top Cited Articles from the Journal as at Nov 2015.

[9] Singh, N.J., Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2011) Monitoring ungulates in Central Asia: current constraints and future potentials. Oryx: 45, 38-49. Front cover article: February 2011 Issue.

2010

[8] Singh, N.J., Grachev, I.A., Bekenov, A.B. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2010) Tracking greenery in central Asia - the migration of the saiga antelope. Diversity and Distributions: 16, 663–675. Front cover article: July 2010 Issue.

[7] Singh, N.J., Grachev, I.A., Bekenov, A.B. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2010) Saiga antelope calving site selection is increasingly driven by human disturbance. Biological Conservation: 143, 1770-1779.

[6] Singh, N.J., Yoccoz, N.G., Cote, S.D., Lecomte, N., Fox, J.L. (2010) Scale and selection of habitat and resources: Tibetan argali in High altitude rangelands. Canadian Journal of Zoology: 88, 436-447.

[5] Singh, N.J., Bonenfant, C., Yoccoz, N.G., Cote, S.D. (2010) Sexual segregation in Eurasian wild sheep. Behavioral Ecology: 21, 410–418.

[4] Singh, N.J., Amgalanbaatar, S.; Reading, R.P. (2010) Temporal dynamics of group size and sexual segregation in ibex. Erforschung Biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei: 11, 315-322.

[3] Struve, J., Lorenzen, K., Blanchard, J., Borger, L., Bunnefeld, N., Edwards, C., Hortal, J., MacCall, A., Matthiopoulos, J., Van Moorter, B., Ozgul, Ap., Royer, F., Singh, N.J., Yesson, C., Bernard, R. (2010) Lost in space? Searching for directions in the spatial modelling of individuals, populations and species ranges. Biology Letters: 6, 575-578.

[2] Aiyadurai, A., Singh, N. J., Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2010) Wildlife hunting by indigenous tribes: a case study from Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. Oryx: 44, 564-572.

2009

[1] Singh, N.J., Yoccoz, N.G., Bhatnagar, Y.V., Fox, J.L. (2009) Using habitat suitability models to sample rare species in high-altitude ecosystems: A case study with Tibetan argali. Biodiversity and Conservation: 18, 2893-2908.

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